In these 11-plus verbal reasoning letter connections quizzes you will be given three pairs of letters. Its generally agreed that there are 21 standard types of verbal reasoning question, says Stephen. False - the statement cannot possibly be true, based on the information given. Fay, "Great platform, I saw a dramatic improvement in my sons progress within as little as a month." ', 'I'm finding your site an absolutely fantastic resource alongside the stuff being sent from my son's school. Tes paid licence How can I reuse this? Verbal reasoning bears more resemblance to skills your child will have started to develop at school, but significantly uses these skills in very different ways. In questions on letter sequences, we are to find the missing letter in a letter sequences. Whilst reading, consider the main arguments stated and analyze how the author presents and supports these arguments. These 11 plus verbal reasoning are a boon for the 11plus preparation and 11 plus verbal reasoning exams.#11plusverbalreasoning#11plusnonverbalreasoning#11plusspatialawareness#11plusspatial#11plusvocabulary#11plusenglish#11plusmaths#11plus#11plusexams#11plusexam#ElevenPlus#LessonadePlaylists:========11plus verbal reasoninghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB81EksfA9c\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-Rg3wAfBOUSBC0i9sah_fTn11plus non verbal reasoninghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNf3ckwMRj4\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-SiZXI8oerem1JBGLPM7BO211 plus Non-Verbal Reasoning 3D \u0026 Spatialhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jaui7gGvFw\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-RypGKTsT5yon9209RJFJbk11 plus Vocabulary Listhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFtXWZFLCi0\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-S2eqP7Bl_Rv1IlaaNjhW1kSquare Root Trickshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIUyr7Yg1LA\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-T1w9sm3502ETXAdkRz73ZySquare Trickshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4jX_Em_ncI\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-Td9_HgNj8sSIpV1mavFcpP11plus mathshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_tlesTXfvw\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-S7QzQ8vNztvyuuJUihE3HwTimes table trickhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0x82NV-kP4\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-RdvUrux_HxH15RvZSMVfg8Math Tricks for Fast Multiplicationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUUw_CYq2ks\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-Tq_xMsrcnmvP-BCgJBNQtuFast math tricks for 11 multiplicationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXZouathxuc\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-RgDRgmFlGUJkk29Bw5bYsmFast math tricks for Series multiplicationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xhf3uwQ4b7I\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-T162LsRSR6_QR_ATXXnxFk11 plus Maths Tips \u0026 Trickshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O-uMbDsWYw\u0026list=PL1Lu04c8p8-R6REUD2JYQCjwM0azSDzo0 Report this resourceto let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Although these questions require a basic grounding in maths, the main principle is the same as for word-based verbal reasoning problems: to test your childs ability to solve problems based on written instructions. The Letter Series question type requires you to work out the final pair of letters in the sequence. Remove one letter from the first word and add it to the second word to make two new words. addition, the opposite happens to the second letter e.g. VDOMDHTMLtml> 11 Plus Verbal Reasoning - VR Type 3: Complete the Letter Series (Letter Sequences)| Lessonade - YouTube This 11 plus verbal reasoning deals with letter series. Work out how the first letter of each pair is related to find the first letter of the answer and then work out how the second letters of each pair are related to find the second letter of your answer. 11plusehelp.co.uk provides a plethora of tests on 11 plus verbal reasoning letter sequence. I am so happy that I found this website and would recommend all parents to use EdPlace for their children." ', 'Thank you for providing a much-needed service for parents and one which really represented good value for money. By using the alphabet and counting from one letter to the next you can see that the sequence is moving forwards through the alphabet, one letter at a time. These are available to our subscribers but you can try a few for free here: In each interactive tutorial, our digital teacher explains the method, shows you examples and then gives you a chance to practise what you've learned. These techniques would help you to ace 11 plus verbal reasoning exams. In these 11 plus verbal reasoning videos, you would see various 11 plus verbal reasoning questions, which would definitely help you in your 11 plus verbal reasoning exams.Through these 11plus Verbal Reasoning series, you would score very high marks in both 11 plus verbal reasoning GL and CEM 11 plus verbal reasoning exams.This 11 plus Verbal Reasoning demonstrates about 11plus verbal reasoning complete the letter series. The steps are increasing by 1 each position -+1,+2,+3,+4,+5 and so on. Everything you need to know about how, when and where to prepare your child for their 11+. Here youll find valuable advice about your region, schools, exam boards, preparation and more. An article about the main features of the 11+ exam. This is a sample video tutorial from 11+ Verbal Reasoning: Letter Sequences - https://bit.ly/3JGiG1E The pack covers all the key types of questions you need to know for the Letter Sequences section of the 11+ Verbal Reasoning Exam.For each question, you can watch a detailed video tutorial explaining exactly how to answer the question using the most efficient technique.Every year, thousands of students use Exam Papers Plus resources to help them pass the 11+ Exam.Let us know which school you are targeting for 11+ entry and we will be happy to make specific recommendations for you - https://bit.ly/3E8b2f7 !#11PlusExamVerbalReasoning #11PlusExamVRLetterSequences #ElevenPlusExamVRLetterSequences 11-plus Verbal Reasoning | Letter connections, finding - Quizzes letter sequence Crossword Clue | Wordplays.com It is much easier to take one letter at a time andfigure out the pattern that way. apple, pear, banana, CREAM, PUDDING, Finding the words that mean the same from two lists, e.g. After that, the sequence of words, letters, or both is either put through a . (GL exam board specific), Balance the Sum so that Both Sides are Equal, Build and Identify Nets of Regular and Irregular 3D Shapes, Build and Identify Nets of Regular and Irregular 3D Shapes with Shading, Build Compound Words (Including Different Pronunciations), Building Compound Words (Including Roots), Calculate Age Using Information from Given Passage, Calculate Measurements Using Information From Given Passage, Choose the Correct Word that has Multiple Meanings, Choose the Letter Which Creates a New Word, Complete Letter Sequences with Two Patterns, Complete the Steps to Identify the 3D Cube Net, Complete the Sum to Find the Missing Number, Complete the Word Pair Using Complex Word Relationships, Complete the Word Pair Using Word Relationships, Consider Various Meanings to Find Synonym Pairs, Construct a Compound Shape Using 2D Shapes, Crack Long Letter Codes to Learn New Vocabulary, Create a new word using letter position patterns, Create number codes using multiple word codes, Create Number Codes using Multiple Word Codes, Decode the Alphabetic Sequence to Find the Following Term, Demonstrate Understanding of Homonym Meanings, Demonstrate Understanding of Letter Codes, Demonstrate Understanding of Word Problems, Demonstrate Your Understanding of Antonyms, Describe Features of a Rotated Complex Shape, Exchange Two Words in Sentences with More Than One Clause, Explain How a Complex Shape has been Rotated, Fill in a Letter to Complete a Word Using Clues, Fill in a Letter to Complete a Word Using Context, Fill in the Missing Word Using the Pattern, Find a Hidden Shape by Choosing a Target Line, Find a Plan View with a Three Step Method, Find all the 3D Black Arrangements which Match a Plan View, Find Alphabet Sequences Using Single Letter Pairs Moving Forwards and Backwards, Find Alphabetical Sequences using Single Letter Pairs moving Forwards or Backwards, Find an Exact Rotation of the Original Shape, Find and Apply Rules in All Four Operations, Find and Apply Rules in Changing Sequences, Find and Apply Rules in Complex Sequences, Find and Apply Rules in Regular and Irregular Sequences, Find and Apply Sequence Rules (Addition and Subtraction), Find Plan Views for Obscured and Rotated Shapes, Find Regular and Irregular Shapes Hiding Inside Images, Find Regular Hidden Shapes with Shared Edges, Find Regular Shapes Inside Other Shapes 1, Find Regular Shapes Inside Other Shapes 2, Find Related and Unrelated Shapes by Elimination, Find Shapes that are Hiding Inside Complex Figures, Find Shapes that are Rotated or Hiding Under Other Lines and Shapes, Find Similarities and Differences Between Image Pairs, Find Similarities and Differences between Multiple Shapes, Find Synonyms and Antonyms of a Given Word, Find the 3D Block Shape from the Plan View, Find the 4 Letter Word Hidden Between 2 Words, Find the 4 Letter Word Hidden between 2 words, Find the 4 Letter Word Hidden Inbetween 2 Words, Find the Alphabet Sequence Using Single Letter Pairs Moving Forwards or Backwards, Find the Antonym Including Homophone Spellings, Find the Bird's Eye View of Cubes and Other 3D Shapes, Find the Correct Image After Two Hole Punches, Find the Correct Image with Two Punches and a Diagonal Fold, Find the Correct Number of Holes in Folded Paper, Find the Correct Plan View for a 3D Cube Arrangement, Find the Correct Position of the Fold Line, Find the Correct Rotated Complex Irregular Shape, Find the Correct Rotation of a Complex Shape, Find the Corrected Rotated Shape Made of Cubes, Find the Four Letter Word Hidden Between Two Words, Find the Hole Position After Folds in Different Directions, Find the Hole Position after More Than One Fold 1, Find the Hole Position after More Than One Fold 2, Find the Missing Letter to Complete the Word, Find the Missing Number to Complete the Sum, Find the Missing Symbol to Complete the Grid, Find the Missing Word Using Complex Patterns, Find the new word inside the existing word, Find the new word using the letter position patterns, Find the Next Letter and Number Pair in a Sequence, Find the Plan View for 3D Cube Arrangements including Towers, Find the Plan View for 3D Cube Arrangements with Layers, Find the Plan View for an Arrangement of Cubes, Find the Plan View of a Simple Shape Made From Cubes, Find the Plan View to Match More than one 3D Shape Arrangement, Find the Regular or Irregular Shape Folded Vertically, Find the Relationship Between a Plan View and a 3D Shape Arrangement, Find the Relationship between Shapes with Multiple Elements, Find the Rotated 'L', 'T' and 'U' Shapes Made of Cubes and Cuboids, Find the Rotated Cube Shape by Counting Cubes, Find the Shape Unfolded Vertically to the Left, Find the Synonym Including Homophone Spellings, Find the Synonym which Completes the Brackets, Find Words with Similar Meanings Amongst Known Words, Finish Letter Sequences with Two Patterns, Fold Irregular Shapes in all Directions 2, Fold Irregular Shapes in all Directions Across Diagonal Fold Lines, Fold Irregular Shapes in all Directions Across Vertical, Horizontal and Diagonal Fold Lines 1, Fold Irregular Shapes in all Directions Across Vertical, Horizontal and Diagonal Fold Lines 2, Fold Regular and Irregular Shapes Along a Straight Line Fold, Fold Regular and Irregular Shapes Up and Down, Fold Regular or Irregular Shapes Along a Central Fold, Identify a Letter that Completes All the Words, Identify a Letter that Completes All Words, Identify a Letter That Completes All Words, Identify a letter that Completes Both Pairs of Words, Identify a new word using letter patterns, Identify a new word using letter position patterns, Identify Alphabetic Pattern to Crack Code, Identify and Apply the Correct Number Rule, Identify and Use Relevant Information in Given Text, Identify categories for words to fit into, Identify Changes in Quantity and Frequency of Shapes, Identify Combinations of Letters Which Create New Words, Identify Complex Connections Between Known Words, Identify Differences in Colour, Size, Weight and Orientation, Identify Different Combinations which Create the Same Shape, Identify Holes Punched After Horizontal and Vertical Folds, Identify Holes Punched in Diagonally Folded Paper, Identify Individual Face Shapes and their Matching Nets, Identify Line Changes to Complete Sequence, Identify Linked Words with a Common Context, Identify Multiple Elements or Shapes within One Image, Identify Nets for Cubes, Cuboids and Square-based Pyramids, Identify Nets of Cubes, Pyramids and Cuboids, Identify Nets of Prisms Made Up of Regular Shapes, Identify Number Relationships to Find the Mystery Number, Identify Paper Folded and Punched Multiple Times, Identify position and number to find the odd one out, Identify Sequence Types and Find Missing End Numbers, Identify Sequence Types and Find Missing Numbers, Identify Sequence Types and Find Missing Numbers (Advanced Times Tables), Identify Similarities and Differences between Inner and Outer Shapes, Identify Size, Shading and Outlines in a Rotated Shape, Identify Smaller 3D Shapes Which Create a Composite 3D Shape, Identify Smaller Shapes Used to Create Larger Combined Shapes, Identify the 2D Nets of Cubes, Cuboids, Cones and Prisms, Identify the Blocks Used to Make Compound 3D Shapes, Identify the Complex Missing Word in a Scrambled Set, Identify the Connection to Complete the Sentence, Identify the Correct Option when Two Holes are Punched, Identify the Correct Pattern of Holes when Paper is Unfolded, Identify the Correct Rhyming Synonym or Antonym, Identify the Correct Word Problem Solution, Identify the Difference Between Rotations and Reflections, Identify the Homonyms that Fit in Two Sentences, Identify the Missing Symbol to Complete the 4 Box Grid, Identify the Missing Symbol to Complete the 9 Box Grid, Identify the Missing Word in a Scrambled Set, Identify the Mystery Number using Multiple Number Operations, Identify the Nets of More Complex 3D Shapes 1, Identify the Nets of More Complex 3D Shapes 2, Identify the Next Two Terms in the Alphabetic Sequence, Identify the odd one out using counting methods. This question suitable style is suitable for 11+ exams written by GL and CEM. I hope you will like this video.See you soon.Please subscribe to Maggi UK for more videos like this. 5. The tests are a good way to highlight areas you struggle most with, and which you should focus on improving. 2nd letter sequence Each book contains three question papers, answer sheets and guidance for parents. The step between the second letter of each pair is constant. Turn that notification bell 'ON' to get notified of my future videos. Verbal reasoning is a particularly important skill in the workplace in many different sectors and industries; even those you might not immediately think of as requiring strong verbal skills. Please read our, Verbal and non-verbal reasoning: an introduction learning pack, 8 facts all parents should know about the 11+ exam, Verbal and non-verbal reasoning: an introduction, Finding one letter that will complete two words, e.g. 11 Plus: Key Stage 2: 11 Plus Verbal Reasoning, Type L - Alphabet first pair is add, second pair is minus, third pair is add, fourth pair is minus, Changes between pairs can happen in increasing or decreasing number order e.g. Sets of letters related in some way are displayed. These questions have two sets of sequences to identify. Write the next two letters that will complete thesequences below. Begin by examining the first letter of each pair - A B C D _. This article will explain the process for registering for and sitting the selective tests required f, This article will explain the process for sitting the Kent Test and making applications to Kent gram, This article outlines the process for making applications for selective grammar schools and selectiv. not good value for money always happy to pay for the time someone has taken but extremely disappointed, Empty reply does not make any sense for the end user. There are 100 worksheets. Please provide your email address to download the guide, Winner - Best for Home Learning / Parents. Ellie Storey, "I am so pleased I came across EdPlace, invaluable, and easy to navigate. These questions have two sets of sequences to identify. The process of rearranging data, a sequence, or a message that may consist of words, numbers, or both using some sort of logic is referred to as input-output reasoning. This mainly concerns the positions of the letters. These 11+ verbal reasoning papers would definitely help you to succeed in your 11 plus verbal reasoning exams. These 11 plus verbal reasoning practice papers guides with all the needed tricks and techniques to score high marks with flying colors. . These 11 plus verbal reasoning act as 11 plus verbal reasoning papers, which you can quickly refer all the unique types you need to know to ace the 11 plus verbal reasoning exams. Verbal Reasoning C1 For each question below, three consecutive letters have been removed from the word in capitals. This is a sample video tutorial from 11+ Verbal Reasoning: Letter Sequences - https://bit.ly/3JGiG1E The pack covers all the key types of quest. The first letters of both pairs are related, and the second letters of both pairs are related. The Letter / Alphabet Series question type really focuses in on testing the following skills: Just by looking at the skills being tested this question centers around analysis. The first-letter-step and second-letter-step can be the same or different. For any question that you may come across the following will almost always apply, so use them to create a process: The above rules will help you understand the questions you need to begin asking yourself when you see one of these letter series questions. This article outlines the content of the 11+ exam written by CEM and which regions sit the CEM exam. Sometimes 5. Introduce some logic and problem solving skills to students with the Letter Patterns worksheet. Complete Letter Sequences with Two Patterns. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z The alphabet is given above to help you. Only in this case you do not have to determine which number comes nrxt in the series, but which letter comes next in the series. The pattern of letter sequences is numerical and is most often in relation to the alphabet. Smash the 11+ with EdPlace We're revolutionising 11+ preparation for your child. Take a look at the following alphabetic sequence: AC, EG, IK, MO, _ What are the next two letters in the sequence? Flip tiles by Grandaddave English Verbal Reasoning 11+ male/female/young animal names Group sort Take Test Now But the thing that actually changes is the letter. Employers can use these tests as part of their application criteria to determine how well a candidate can read and extract meaning from text, and apply reasoning and logic to solve problems. Enter a Crossword Clue. Using this topic you will be scoring high marks for both GL and CEM exams. Count forwards in 2's, 1st letter sequence This will also help you gauge your childs prospects, ensuring they really shine at grammar school. Write them ALL, then FLIP the cards. Letter Connections 1. , \" \" , , , , , . Tutorials are available to TheSchoolRun subscribers only but you can try for free: Learning the 4 times table, Long multiplication and Finding multiples. Now the issue isnt to do with the final pair or the solution, but it is about getting confident in understanding how all the other pairs came about. Example: What is the next letter in the series CNL, BLI, AJF, ZHC, _______ ? This resource details the process for working through Letter Sequences, a common Verbal Reasoning question type within the GL 11+ exam. Step size doubles with each letter. Click below to get 25% off all test packages. Every single week, we release an English lesson, a maths lesson, a verbal reasoning lesson, and a non-verbal/spatial lesson, as well as a homework task to practise what we covered! Cannot say - there is not enough information provided in the passage to be absolutely certain if the statement is true or false. Mark these steps as a series of hops until you are certain of the rule. You can unsubscribe from our mailing list at any time. Our revision resources are designed to help students aged 8 to 11 build up to the skills and levels needed to pass the 11+. What is verbal reasoning? | TheSchoolRun We explain just what verbal reasoning involves, and how you can help them prepare for their test. Find the three-letter words and write your answers in the brackets provided. Verbal reasoning revision and practice papers - EdPlace Friends those who didn't subscribed, Please subscribe. Were revolutionising 11+ preparation for your child. To help you support your child best, our resources are aligned to exam boards with progressive leveling, starting at year 3 and working to exam-style questions and practice papers in year 5. Identify the Missing Letter Pair Worksheet - EdPlace There are not many services I would pay to subscribe to, and even less I would recommend, but yours is one which I did!'. Verbal reasoning revision and practice papers - EdPlace letter sequence Crossword Clue. Verbal reasoning bears more resemblance to skills your child will have started to develop at school, but significantly uses these skills in very different ways. PDF Verbal Reasoning C1 - 11 plus exams tutor. 11+ tutor Feltham. Eleven Y5 Verbal reasoning - Teaching resources - Wordwall registered in England (Company No 02017289) with its registered office at Building 3, These rules can be based on mathematical operations, place of letters in alphabetical order, and so on. Then for the second letter T we need to add 4 places which gets us to X. Children perform best in verbal reasoning tests if theyre widely read and have an extensive vocabulary, says Stephen. Next examine the second letter of each pair - S R Q P _. Verbal reasoning tests are most commonly used in the recruitment process for entry-level positions, such as graduate schemes and internships, however, they can also be used for more senior roles. You can also try the following tips to boost your childs verbal reasoning skills: To help your child practise verbal and non-verbal reasoning for the Year 7 CATsorthe Eleven Plus our Verbal and non-verbal reasoning: an introduction learning pack offers 90 practice questions and answers as well as a general overview ofsecondary school selection tests. Great value for money. Now we have our fundamentals, which will guide our process and allow us to ask the right questions, lets apply it to the working example below: Lets try to work this out by applying the checklist from above (which is now our process). If there is a specific area of learning your child needs support with, our packs offer information, advice and plenty of engaging practical activities. PDF Verbal Reasoning - Letter Sequences This allows you to set your child at a level that suits them and develop the skills needed overtime; removing exam pressure and building their confidence. What Is Verbal Reasoning? A Definition & Overview - Practice Aptitude Tests Please log in again. The first letters of each pair make up one sequence and the second letters of each pair makes up the second sequence. Download as PDF Overview Test Series In Number Series reasoning, Series is a sequential order of letters, numbers, or both arranged in such a way that each term in the series is obtained according to some specific rules. By using the alphabet and counting from one letter to the next you can see that the sequence is moving backwards through the alphabet, one letter at a time. Remember, the main focus of this question is testing your ability to work out the pattern, the final result will be the last pair. Something went wrong, please try again later. Work through the sequence and write down the change thats happening count how many letters the first letter in pair 2 is from the first letter in pair 1, and make a note of it. 11+ Letter Series | Verbal Reasoning exam illustrations - Quizzes I do this by lookin at pair 1 (DV) and seeing how much I need to move to get to pair 2 (EU). subtraction. So first of all I want to understand the differences in the pairs and how they are changing, this will give me my pattern. As with numbers, a useful strategy for dealing with sequences is to write them down, giving enough space to draw and label the hops from one term to another. The easiest way to solve these is to look at every other pair of letters and see if you can find a sequence there. 11 Plus Letter Sequences - 11Plus Papers 1, 2, 3. Seldom 2. Our platform includes 1,000s of questions written by industry experts, all with full explanations that will not only improve your performance but will help you quickly get ahead of all your competitors. 11+ (11 Plus) Exam, Verbal Reasoning: Letter Sequences, Test 1 A) timid, vocal B) confident, shy C) aggressive, passive D) happy, disappointed Letter Sequences What do I do? Make sure to take stock of all information. (Generic Practice), Are you ready to do the 11+? Constant Step - 0:15 Double Sequence - 2:44 Sign Flipper/Incrementing/Decrementing Step - 4:55 You are given multiple letter series and based on the pattern, you must complete the missing letter series.This video will be very useful for your 11plus preparation, 11 plus verbal reasoning exams.11 plus verbal reasoning acts as a bridging subject for grammar schools, independent schools (private schools), Kings school exams. As adults, verbal reasoning is something we use every day, often without realizing, whether we are relaying key pieces of information from a news article to a friend or having a debate with a colleague. 11 Plus Letter Sequences. Sort by Length. Our 11+ resources are designed to teach skills and then discreetly test your child with exam-style questions and practice papers too. These types of questions focus on being able to understand and work out problems focused on words and letters. Letter & Number Sequence Test Questions and Answers Test I particularly loved your handwriting sections and the Learning Journey links that you have created. 11 Plus Verbal Reasoning - VR Type 3: Complete the Letter Series So we need to look for the letter after E and the letter before P. 1. This post will summarise what you can do to prepare your child for the 11+ from as early as year 3. You then have to take this relationship and apply it in the format of the information which is moving through the alphabet. ' . Either mark the letter that moves on the answer sheet, or write the two new words on the lines. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. It assesses the ability to analyse visual data and solve issues using visual reasoning. PDF Verbal - Complete a Word Pair Worksheet - Paro Tuition Verbal reasoning tests are usually timed assessments, with 60 seconds typically allocated to answer the question. Were here to help you support your childs 11+ preparation. BMC: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/lessonade More Free Videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0ZcPGON6NRNYvjHE1qWbYA?sub_confirmation=1. Selection Cookie Policy. The step between each letter flips between positive and negative (forwards or backwards in the Alphabet Line). The most obvious way to improve your verbal reasoning skills is to practice verbal reasoning tests. REMEMBER: Do not include the letter as 1, what we mean by this is when working out 4 places from T dont think T is our first move. Verbal reasoning is a skill, rather than learned knowledge, and helps us to use language to negotiate and explain within our environment. The opposite operation (plus or minus) happens to the letters from the previous pair.

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