On 28 February a meeting of the Carlton Club took place, with a majority of the 150 Conservative MPs present supporting Derby and Disraeli. In 1603 he was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Cecil, of Essendon in the County of Rutland, and the following year he was created Viscount Cranborne. In 1789, he was created Marquess of Salisbury in the Peerage of Great Britain. He also experienced a heart condition and later blood poisoning caused by an ulcerated leg. [9], On 2 August when the Commons debated the Orissa famine in India, Cranborne spoke out against experts, political economy, and the government of Bengal. His elder half-brother the 2nd Baron Burghley, was created Earl of Exeter in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Exeter. File : Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury.jpg All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain. He was born into a Welsh family, the third son of Richard Cecil ap Philip Seisyllt of Alt-yr-Ynys on the border of Herefordshire and Monmouthshire but settled near Stamford, Lincolnshire. Read more about the life and achievements of Robert . The uitlanders heavily outnumbered the Boers in cities and mining districts; they had to pay heavy taxes, and had limited civil rights and no right to vote. History of government: Prime Ministers in the House of Lords, Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-, third marquess of Salisbury (18301903), House of Commons Debates 30 May 1867 vol. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury [28], The tension with Germany had subsided in 1890 after a deal exchanged German holdings in East Africa for an island off the German coast. [36][37], After gold was discovered in the South African Republic (called Transvaal) in the 1880s, thousands of British men flocked to the gold mines. In 1605 he was further created Earl of Salisbury. Marc-Boris St-Maurice (b. Lord Curzon | Biography & Facts | Britannica Cranborne wanted to send his resignation to Derby along with the statistics but Cranborne agreed to Carnarvon's suggestion that as a Cabinet member he had a right to call a Cabinet meeting. In a speech in the Lords, Salisbury claimed: "Now that the people have in no real sense been consulted, when they had, at the last General Election, no notion of what was coming upon them, I feel that we are bound, as guardians of their interests, to call upon the government to appeal to the people, and by the result of that appeal we will abide". Marquess of Salisbury - Wikipedia the Rt Hon. In Europe, Germany was worrisome regarding its growing industrial and naval power, Kaiser Wilhelm's erratic foreign policy, and the instability caused by the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury (10 F) Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (3 C, 1 P, 52 F) Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury (4 F) S. Salisbury Chapel (St Etheldreda Church, Hatfield, Hertfordshire) (5 F) Chamberlain and other top London officials ignored the repeated warnings of military advisors that the Boers were well prepared, well armed, and fighting for their homes in a very difficult terrain. Also, the annals of modern parliamentary history could find no parallel for Disraeli's betrayal; historians would have to look "to the days when Sunderland directed the Council, and accepted the favours of James when he was negotiating the invasion of William". Salisbury served as Prime Minister three times for a total of over thirteen years. Princess Elizabeth of England at the age of 13 years. He was also "the last Prime Minister to lead a government from the Lords". If you borrow your political ethics from the ethics of the political adventurer, you may depend upon it the whole of your representative institutions will crumble beneath your feet. This page was last edited on 17 May 2023, at 12:14. Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, was born on August 27, 1893, in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, son of a politician James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury (1861-1947). [1] Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess, who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Darnley Portrait. He was known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868. Marquess of Salisbury's full title is The Most Hon. On 17 November, it was reported in the newspapers that if the Conservatives gave "adequate assurance" that the Franchise Bill would pass the Lords before Christmas the government would ensure that a parallel Seats Bill would receive its second reading in the Commons as the Franchise Bill went into committee stage in the Lords. The Earl of Salisbury was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. His policy rejected entangling allianceswhich at the time and ever since has been called "splendid isolation." [7]:86, When parliamentary reform came to prominence again in the mid-1860s, Cranborne worked hard to master electoral statistics until he became an expert. The i reports that Mordaunt declined to wear the black and gold privy councillor court outfit, worn by her male predecessors such as the Marquess of Salisbury at the late Queen's Coronation in . [27] In China the British economic dominance was threatened by other powers that wanted to control slices of China. Ten thousand miners were policed by four men armed with carbines and, at Mount Alexander, 30,000 people were protected by 200 policemen, with over 30,000 ounces (850,000g) of gold mined per week. [7]:540 This was aimed at France and Russia. This wealth increased sharply in 1821, when his father married his mother, Frances Mary Gascoyne, heiress of a wealthy merchant and Member of Parliament who had bought large estates in Essex and Lancashire. The Conservative historian Robert Blake considered Salisbury "the most formidable intellectual figure that the Conservative party has ever produced". British prime ministers of the 20th century - Britain Magazine It was planned for the next day, 25 February. [57], On 11 July 1902, in failing health and broken hearted over the death of his wife, Salisbury resigned. [7]:3940, Salisbury criticised the foreign policy of Lord John Russell, claiming he was "always being willing to sacrifice anything for peace colleagues, principles, pledges a portentous mixture of bounce and baseness dauntless to the weak, timid and cringing to the strong". [20], In 1889 Salisbury set up the London County Council and then in 1890 allowed it to build houses. Leader of the Marijuana Party of Canada. A small-scale private British effort to overthrow Transvaal's President Paul Kruger, the Jameson Raid of 1895, was a fiasco and presaged full-scale conflict as all diplomatic efforts failed. POOL New / Reuters 2. "[13] At the Cabinet meeting the next day, Derby recorded that Lord John Manners objected to occupying the city "on the ground of right. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - GOV.UK ), Penson, Lillian M. "The Principles and Methods of Lord Salisbury's Foreign Policy.". At a meeting of the Carlton Club on 15 July, Salisbury announced his plan for making the government introduce a Seats (or Redistribution) Bill in the Commons whilst at the same time delaying a Franchise Bill in the Lords. Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 52 Issue 7 July 2002 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. A Maori chief offered Cecil 5 acres (2ha) near Auckland, which he declined. When Gladstone came out in favour of Home Rule for Ireland, Salisbury opposed him and formed an alliance with the breakaway Liberal Unionists, winning the subsequent general election. Salisbury's comments were criticised by the Queen and by Liberals who believed that Salisbury had suggested that only white Britons could represent a British constituency. In an interview with Politico, she said she "felt it wasn't right" to wear the black-and-gold court ensemble the Marquess of Salisbury wore in 1953, wanting something more modern instead. Robert Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury Foreign Secretary April 1878 to April 1880, June 1885 to February 1886, January 1887 to August 1892 and June 1895 to November 1900 Lord Salisbury wrote in. [8] The Lords defeated the second Home Rule Bill by 419 to 41 in September 1893, but Salisbury stopped them from opposing the Liberal Chancellor's death duties in 1894. [70] The academic quarterly The Salisbury Review was named in his honour (by Michael Oakeshott) upon its founding in 1982. Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG GCVO PC FRS DL (/skn ssl/;[1][2] 3 February 1830 22 August 1903) was a British statesman and Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times for a total of over thirteen years. Lord David Cecil, Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford, was the second son of the fourth Marquess, while the journalist Lord Richard Cecil was the second son of the sixth Marquess. At the coronation, even the royals opt for a bit of 'stealth wealth' Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, ed. [53], At home he sought to "kill Home Rule with kindness" by launching a land reform programme which helped hundreds of thousands of Irish peasants gain land ownership and largely ended complaints against English landlords. All the marquesses, except the 6th marquess, have been appointed as Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter. It's a pity you can't carry around a powder insecticide to get rid of vermin of that kind". This branch of the Cecil family descends from Sir Robert Cecil, the son of the prominent statesman the 1st Baron Burghley, from his second marriage, to Mildred Cooke. Cecil notably served under Queen Elizabeth I and later King James I as Secretary of State, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lord Privy Seal and Lord High Treasurer. The seventh marquess is also a Conservative politician. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury - Wikipedia He was an indulgent father and made sure his children had a much better childhood than the one through which he suffered. His son Evelyn Cecil was a Conservative politician and was created Baron Rockley in 1934. Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury summary On 23 July at Sheffield, Salisbury said that the government "imagine that thirty thousand Radicals going to amuse themselves in London on a given day expresses the public opinion of the daythey appeal to the streets, they attempt legislation by picnic". Paul Smith characterises his personality as "deeply neurotic, depressive, agitated, introverted, fearful of change and loss of control, and self-effacing but capable of extraordinary competitiveness. The newly arrived miners were needed for their labour and business operations but were distrusted by the Afrikaners, who called them "uitlanders." The traditional burial place of the marquesses is the Salisbury Chapel in St Etheldreda Church, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. [29] France retreated in Africa after the British dominated in the Fashoda Incident. "[5] Searle says that instead of seeing his party's victory in 1886 as a harbinger of a new and more popular Conservatism, he longed to return to the stability of the past, when his party's main function was to restrain demagogic liberalism and democratic excess. [7]:1516 He disliked the Boers and wrote that free institutions and self-government could not be granted to the Cape Colony because the Boers outnumbered the British three-to-one, and "it will simply be delivering us over bound hand and foot into the power of the Dutch, who hate us as much as a conquered people can hate their conquerors". Triumphal arches across garlanded streets, pealing bells, military bands in a mammoth procession, and a torchlight parade through the city centre - these were the features of public rejoicing visualised by a group committee for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. [54] The Elementary School Teachers (Superannuation) Act of 1898 enabled teachers to secure an annuity via the payment of voluntary contributions. The British moved their forces from Egypt south into Sudan in 1898, securing complete control of that troublesome region. [7]:3033,75,1058, Salisbury had prosopagnosia, a cognitive disorder which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. [73] Andrew Jones and Michael Bentley wrote in 1978 that "historical inattention" to Salisbury "involves wilful dismissal of a Conservative tradition which recognizes that threat to humanity when ruling authorities engage in democratic flattery and the threat to liberty in a competitive rush of legislation". Otte, T. G. "'Floating Downstream'? [6] He is generally ranked in the upper tier of British prime ministers. [7]:305, Despite the controversy which had raged, the meetings of leading Liberals and Conservatives on reform at Downing Street were amicable. The Retirement of Lord Salisbury | History Today List of participants in the coronation procession of Elizabeth II . In office June 1895 - July 1902. The Cabinet agreed to Stanley's proposal. Transvaal and its sister republic the Orange Free State were small, rural, independent nations founded by Afrikaners, who descended from Dutch immigrants to the area before 1800. The British, jealous of the gold and diamond mines and highly protective of its people, demanded reforms, which were rejected. The war cost 217 million and demonstrated the Army urgently needed reforms but it ended in victory for the British and the Conservatives won the Khaki election of 1900. There is the chance to join in with the decorating of bunting and to add messages for the new King. His popularity was founded not only on his great personal bravery, but also his well-known generosity and concern for the welfare of his men. In the Americas, for domestic political reasons, U.S. President Cleveland manufactured a quarrel over Venezuela's border with British Guiana. Although unable to accomplish much due to his lack of a parliamentary majority, the split of the Liberals over Irish Home Rule in 1886 enabled him to return to power with a majority, and, excepting a Liberal minority government (189295), to serve as prime minister from 1886 to 1902. In dramatic contrast, Field Marshal Frederick Roberts pampered the press, which responded by making him a national hero. "[4] A representative of the landed aristocracy, he held the reactionary credo, "Whatever happens will be for the worse, and therefore it is in our interest that as little should happen as possible. 187 cc1296363, "Revealed: How Lord Salisbury hid rape by his British consul in Benin", "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "Prosopagnosia in biographies and autobiographies", "Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of", "Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890,", Works by or about Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Salisbury, "Archival material relating to Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury", Salisbury, The Empire Builder Who Never Was, Portraits of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury&oldid=1165637805, Hon. 3d Marquess of Salisbury | Encyclopedia.com Negotiations with Germany on broader issues failed. As Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords after 1997 he played a leading role in negotiating the terms of the House of Lords Act 1999, in which the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper chamber of Parliament was abolished. For the British prime minister, see, Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grant, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Edward Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners, Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, Robert Edward Peter Cecil Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury, Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury, "Prime Ministers in the House of Lords - History of government", http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/salisbury1789.htm, Extant marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess_of_Salisbury&oldid=1155270406, Marquessates in the Peerage of Great Britain, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, James Emilius William Evelyn Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert Edward "Ned" William Gascoyne-Cecil. [2][3] Salisbury was offered a dukedom by Queen Victoria in 1886 and 1892, but declined both offers, citing the prohibitive cost of the lifestyle dukes were expected to maintain.[4]. After representing South Dorset in the House of Commons, he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Cecil in 1992 (the last time a writ of acceleration was issued). [7]:2834, In July 1885 the Housing of the Working Classes Bill was introduced by the Home Secretary, R. A. In December 1847, he went to Christ Church, Oxford, where he received an honorary fourth class in Mathematics, conferred by nobleman's privilege due to ill health. However, Lord Salisbury was also behind the Salisbury Convention of 1945, which states that the House of Lords shall not oppose the second reading of any government legislation promised in its election manifesto. [26], In the foreign affairs Salisbury was challenged worldwide, The long-standing policy of "Splendid isolation" had left Britain with no allies and few friends. Charles Mosley, 107th edn., (London 2003), vol.III. Staggered, the British fought back, relieved its besieged cities, and prepared to invade first the Orange Free State, and then Transvaal in late 1900. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. On 9 August in Manchester, over 100,000 came to hear Salisbury speak. His private secretary at the Foreign Office wrote that Salisbury "shewed indecent joy at his release". In 1878, Salisbury became foreign secretary in time to help lead Britain to "peace with honour" at the Congress of Berlin. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury - Wikipedia Marc-Boris St-Maurice. Like his father he was regarded as a staunch Conservative and bitterly opposed the Parliament Act 1911, which sought to curtail the powers of the House of Lords. Parliamentary career. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Wikipedia Historian Richard Shannon argues that while Salisbury presided over one of the longest periods of Tory dominance, he misinterpreted and mishandled his election successes. [7]:9395. "[64] Professor Paul Smith argues that, "into the 'progressive' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit. Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of, 1893-1972 [7]:501. [7]:100. The Prime Minister proved adept at his handling of the press, as Sir Edward Walter Hamilton noted in his diary in 1887 he was: "the prime minister most accessible to the press. "Lord Salisbury and Ireland, 185987: Principles, Ambitions and Strategies.". [7]:3056, Salisbury became prime minister of a minority administration from 1885 to 1886. However, the charges were not brought any further and he was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl, Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire. The heir apparent is the present holder's son Robert Edward William Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (b. To date he is the only British prime minister to sport a full beard. The battles were small operations; most of the 22,000 British dead were victims of disease. In the end the project was dropped"[14]. [58][59], Due to breathing difficulties caused by his great weight, Salisbury took to sleeping in a chair at Hatfield House. Robert and Georgina had eight children, all but one of whom survived infancy. However, in South Africa a nasty Boer war broke out in 1899 and for a few months it seemed the Boers were winning. ", R.A. Humphreys, "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Stuart Anderson, "Racial Anglo-Saxonism and the American Response to the Boer War. During the period of the coronation of Elizabeth II, . And I fear this will tell horribly on the small and middle-sized boroughs". During his tenure, the company was taken out of Chancery, and paid out a small dividend on its ordinary shares. Smith, Paul. For most of his time as prime minister he served not as First Lord of the Treasury, the traditional position held by the prime minister, but as foreign secretary. It is not a dignified position for a Great Power to occupy, to be pointed out as the busybody of Christendom". [75], The British phrase 'Bob's your uncle' is thought to have derived from Robert Cecil's appointment of his nephew, Arthur Balfour, as Chief Secretary for Ireland.[76]. In his election address he opposed secular education and "ultramontane" interference with the Church of England which was "at variance with the fundamental principles of our constitution". Disraeli introduced his Bill on 18 March and it would extend the suffrage to all rate-paying householders of two years' residence, dual voting for graduates or those of a learned profession, or those with 50 in governments funds or in the Bank of England or a savings bank. How Salisbury is celebrating the coronation of King Charles III The third Marquess of Salisbury resigned on 11 July 1902. The Lords rejected the Bill and Parliament was prorogued for ten weeks. His time as Prime Minister coincided with a great expansion of the British Empire. In the November 1883 issue of National Review Salisbury wrote an article titled "Labourers' and Artisans' Dwellings" in which he argued that the poor conditions of working class housing were injurious to morality and health. His life spanned the period of England's greatest affluence and power. These "fancy franchises", as Cranborne had foreseen, did not survive the Bill's course through Parliament; dual voting was dropped in March, the compound householder vote in April; and the residential qualification was reduced in May. The meeting was so contentious that a minister who was late initially thought they were debating the suspension of habeas corpus.

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